To use an end-device with SPN, the end-device and the gateway need to be paired. To achieve this, two mechanisms are available: ABP or OTAA. Each mechanism uses specific parameters. They need to be the same in both the end-device and the gateway.

• Device EUI (dev_eui)
• Application EUI (app_eui)
• Application key (app_key)

• Device Address (dev_addr)
• Network Session Key (nwk_skey)
• Application Session Key (app_skey)

End-devices send packets to the gateway using different frequencies. These frequencies must be configured and need to respect the regional parameters of the LoRaWAN specification.

To receive packets from the gateway, the end-devices open two receive windows after sending a packet. The first window uses the same frequency and radio settings as the one used to send the packet. The second window uses static parameters which need to be defined.

Most of the end-devices contain more than these parameters, however they are specific to each type of end-device. Here are a few examples of parameters:

• Region of the end-device
• LoRa device class
• TX power
• Datarate
• Receive and join accept delay
• …

These parameters can or cannot be mandatory. Refer to the constructor datasheet for proper tuning.

When using OTAA mechanism, to pair a end-device with the station, a “join” request needs to be initiated by the end-device. Depending on the used end-device, it can either be done automatically or manually. Check whether you need to trigger it yourself or not.